An eye for creation
An interview with eye-disease researcher Dr George Marshall, University of Glasgow, Scotland
Dr George Marshall obtained his B.Sc. (Hons.) in Biology at the University of Strathclyde
in 1984. He conducted research into bone marrow cancer at the University of Sheffield
for three years until invalided out with a serious, normally incurable illness.
He was dramatically healed of this in November 1987 and soon obtained an M.Med.Sci.
from Sheffield. He then worked at the University of Manchester before taking up
a post at the University of Glasgow in 1988. He obtained his Ph.D. in Ophthalmic
Science at Glasgow in 1991 and was elected to chartered biologist (C.Biol.) status
and to membership of the Institute of Biology (M.I.Biol.) in 1993. He is now Sir
Jules Thorn Lecturer in Ophthalmic Science.
Dr George Marshall, an eye-disease researcher from the University of Glasgow, Scotland
Creation magazine [CM]: Dr Marshall, you wrote to us to
comment on the article Seeing back to front which
appeared in the March–May 1996 issue of Creation
magazine. What was your comment?
Dr George Marshall [GM]: I pointed out that the principal reason
as to why the eye cannot be regarded as being wired backward (as some evolutionists
claim) was hidden in a footnote in your article.
CM: Would you care to elaborate?
GM: The light-detecting structures within photoreceptor cells are
located in the stack of discs. These discs are being continually replaced by the
formation of new ones at the cell body end of the stack, thereby pushing older discs
down the stack. Those discs at the other end of the stack are ‘swallowed’
by a single layer of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. RPE cells are highly
active, and for this they need a very large blood supply—the choroid. Unlike
the retina, which is virtually transparent, the choroid is virtually opaque, because
of the vast numbers of red blood cells within it. For the retina to be wired the
way that Professor Richard Dawkins suggested, would require the choroid to come
between the photoreceptor cells and the light, for RPE cells must be kept in intimate
contact with both the choroid and photoreceptor to perform their job. Anybody who
has had the misfortune of a hemorrhage in front of the retina will testify as to
how well red blood cells block out the light.
Then what do you think of the idea that the eye is wired backward?
The notion that the eye was wired backward occurred to me as a 13-year-old when
studying eye anatomy in a school science class. It took me two years of lecturing
on human eye anatomy to realize why the eye is wired the way it is. The idea that
the eye is wired backward comes from a lack of knowledge of eye function and anatomy.
How do you react to the notion that the human eye is the product of evolution?
The more I study the human eye, the harder it is to believe that it evolved. Most
people see the miracle of sight. I see a miracle of complexity on viewing things
at 100,000 times magnification. It is the perfection of this complexity that causes
me to baulk at evolutionary theory.
Can you give our readers some idea of just how complex the eye is?
The retina is probably the most complicated tissue in the whole body. Millions of
nerve cells interconnect in a fantastic number of ways to form a miniature ‘brain’.
Much of what the photoreceptors ‘see’ is interpreted and processed by
the retina long before it enters the brain.
A computer program has allegedly ‘imitated’ the evolution of an eye.
Do you accept this?
Those who produced this model would acknowledge that the model is such a gross oversimplification
that it cannot be cited as a proof. May I quote a colleague’s reaction [Dr
John Hay, B.Sc.(Hons), Ph.D., M.Sc., C.Biol., F.I.Biol.]:
‘Computer simulation of evolutionary processes such as that described have
three important flaws. First, the findings imply that the development which is being
measured over so many generations is independent of development of other structures
which are necessary for function. Second, the changes observed from the simulation
are dependent on the original data input which clearly is consequent to human design
of the sequences/regions to be worked on and also the program(s) which are used
for the simulation. These are not, therefore, random. The third aspect of all this
is that there is translation error in such simulations involving computer hardware/software.
This can take the form of electronic error in single bits which are coding for a
particular digit. Over many loops in this performance, intrinsic error can be magnified
considerably. Was the simulation repeated using different PCs etc.? One feels that
these three arguments are essential to any computer simulation package of evolutionary
processes.
‘My first point indicated that even if there is an eye, it will be useless
unless the organism has the neural and/or the mental processes to utilize information
perceived by the eye. How can a chance mutation provide this complexity in several
different structures? The argument has usually been that there is a plausible intermediate
series of eye-designs in living animals, e.g. Euglena has an eyespot; other
organisms have a “cup” which acts as a direction finder.
‘However, the organism which defies this evolution is Nautilus. It
has a primitive eye with no lens, which is somewhat surprising considering that
its close relative, the squid, has one. This organism has (apparently!) been around
for millions of years but has never “evolved” a lens despite
the fact that it has a retina which would benefit from this simple change.’
What exactly does your work involve?
Lecturing to doctors in medicine who have specialized in ophthalmology and are attempting
to gain fellowship with the Royal College of Ophthalmology (FRCOphth). However,
my main remit is research into eye diseases using a combination of transmission
electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry—a technique that uses antibodies
to locate specific proteins such as enzymes.
Do you believe that accepting creation as portrayed in Genesis is essential to your
Christian faith?
Yes! On not literally accepting the Genesis account of creation one is left with
a major problem—what Scriptures do you accept as true and what Scriptures
do you reject as false? Only by accepting the whole of Scripture as the inspired
Word of God does one avoid this dilemma. There are Scriptures that are a source
of stumbling to the intellect. My practice is to ‘pigeon-hole’ them
temporarily and never allow them to be a stumbling block to my faith. It’s
amazing how many of these knotty problems have subsequently resolved themselves.
Thus Genesis creation may initially appear to be hard to accept, but it strikes
me that evolution is equally if not more problematic to believe.
How useful do you find Creation magazine?
Its principal value is that it challenges what is uncritically accepted. Watch any
TV program involving nature and you would think that evolution is an established
fact. People get bombarded with this so often that they accept it without thinking.
Creation magazine makes people realize that it is only a proposal and not
fact. There are numerous places in my hospital where I can leave copies on coffee
tables to get people to think for themselves.
What advice would you have for Christian students, or for Christians in a science
course or teaching situation?
First, recognize that science can become a ‘religion’ in its own right.
Scientists say something, so the general public (the ‘worshippers’)
accept it without question. Scientists are much more cautious about one another’s
findings. Second, science is not static. The science of today is quite different
in many ways from the science of yesterday, and will probably bear little resemblance
to the science of tomorrow. People once believed in ‘spontaneous generation’
which could be ‘proved’ by putting an old sack and a few bits of cheese
in a dark corner. Mice spontaneously generated out of the sack. We laugh at such
notions, but I suspect that in a hundred years’ time people will laugh at
some of our scientific notions. Third, one can still become an eminent scientist
without accepting evolutionary dogma; the ability to produce sound science in the
laboratory is not diminished by one’s stance on creation.
Dr Marshall, thank you very much.
[Ed. note: For a more technical account of the retina’s amazing design,
see
Is Our ‘Inverted’ Retina Really ‘Bad Design’? by
ophthalmologist Peter Gurney, an article highly commended by Dr Marshall.]
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